Characterizing the hydraulic properties of unsaturated sand considering various porosities and drying‐wetting paths of the retention curve     

Kai‐yuan Ke  Yih‐Chi Tan  Chu‐Hui Chen  Hsien‐Tsung Lin 《水文研究》2013,27(4):592-604

Previous studies have shown that water retention curve (WRC) and the hydraulic conductivity vary because of changes of the void ratio or porosity of soil. However, limited documents pointed out the change of hydraulic properties of soil when compacted to different porosities while considering both of the drying and wetting processes of the WRC. This information is sometimes necessary for research like finger flow analysis or the occurrence of wetting and drying cycles as what would be seen in the field. Therefore, this study aims to examine the change of WRC characteristics with varied porosity considering both of the drying and wetting path in WRC by conducting a sand box experiment. Results show that the same type of sand compacted to various porosities have different hydraulic parameters. Hydraulic conductivities generally decrease with reduced porosities; shape parameter α of the van Genuchten equation (1980) linearly decreases with declining porosity and shape parameter n in a reversal manner for the sands of interest whether in the drying process or wetting process. The unsaturated properties of sand are further characterized by inspecting the variations of moisture content, matric suction and vertical displacement of soil body subject to periodic changes of the water level by another sand box experiment. The outcomes suggest that the saturated water content and residual water content are changing during the wetting–drying process, which can be an implication of the changed properties of WRC. The characteristics of volumetric deformation might be varied as well because of the observation of the dissimilar patterns of the changing vertical displacements among each wetting–drying process. Infiltration patterns of the sands also are identified through numerical modelling by introducing a constant infiltration flux from the surface followed by a no‐influx condition. Results indicate that less water accumulates in the sand near the surface for the sand compacted to higher porosity, but water can move deeper. Hydraulic conductivity is found as the prime factor dominating the evolvement of wetting fronts. However, shape parameters of water retention curves also affect the infiltration pattern to some extent. In addition, different sands with similar porosities can have quite different infiltrating characteristics. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

大鹏澳养殖区柱状沉积物中氮、磷的分布特征及污染状况研究   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文

黄小平  郭芳  黄良民 《热带海洋学报》2010,29(1):91-97

为研究海水养殖对海湾沉积物的累积影响, 对大亚湾的大鹏澳养殖区沉积物柱状样中总氮、总磷和有机碳的含量及剖面分布特征进行了研究, 并探讨了海水养殖区沉积物中氮、磷的污染状况。结果表明, 网箱养殖区、贝类养殖区和对照区等3个区域柱状样中总氮的含量范围分别为638.2—3803.9mg.kg-1、740.9—2152.1mg.kg-1和343.2—471.9mg.kg-1, 总磷的含量范围分别为344.7—3233.9mg.kg-1、297.9—497.5mg.kg-1和650.2—1327.2 mg.kg-1, 有机碳的含量范围分别为0.96%—2.22%、0.87%—1.13%和0.69%—0.95%。该三个因子的含量均从底层至表层呈增加趋势, 但网箱养殖区上层增加幅度最为剧烈, 贝类区次之, 对照区变化幅度最小。所有柱状样中, 总氮含量均超标, 但网箱养殖区总氮污染最为严重, 贝类养殖区次之, 对照区最轻; 网箱养殖区的总磷在上层的不同深度超标, 而贝类养殖区及对照区柱状样的总磷含量均未超标。  相似文献   

Sediment and particulate phosphorus characteristics in grassed waterways from row crop corn and alfalfa fields collected by manual University of Exeter samplers and automatic sampling     

John C. Panuska  Laura Ward Good  Peter A. Vadas  Dennis L. Busch  Asli Ozkaynak 《水文研究》2011,25(15):2329-2338

Phosphorus (P) export from agricultural lands above known threshold levels can result in adverse impacts to receiving water quality. Phosphorus loss occurs in dissolved and sediment‐bound, or particulate phosphorous (PP), forms, with the latter often dominating losses from row‐cropped systems. To target practices, land managers need good computer models and model developers need good monitoring data. Sediment monitoring data (e.g. radiometric finger printing and sediment P sorption capacity) can help identify sediment source areas and improve models, but require more sediment mass than is typically obtained by automatic sampling. This study compares a simple suspended sediment sampler developed at the University of Exeter (UE) with automatic sampling in intermittent channels draining corn and alfalfa fields. The corn field had a greater runoff coefficient (27%) than alfalfa (11%). No differences were found in enrichment ratios (sediment constituent/soil constituent) in PP (PP_ER) or percent loss on ignition (LOI_ER) between paired UE samplers on corn. The median LOI_ER for the UE samplers (1·9%) did not differ significantly (p > 0·13) from the automatic sampler (2·0%). The PP_ER from the UE samplers was on average 20% lower than the automatic samplers. A correlation (r² = 0·75) was found between sediment PP and % LOI from automatic samplers and UE samplers for particles < 50 µm, while for > 50 µm PP concentration did not change with changes in % LOI. Sediment ammonium‐oxalate extractable metals were similarly related to LOI, with the strongest correlation for iron (r² = 0·71) and magnesium (r² = 0·70). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A discrete particle representation of hillslope hydrology: hypothesis testing in reproducing a tracer experiment at Gårdsjön,Sweden     

Jessica Davies  Keith Beven  Lars Nyberg  Allan Rodhe 《水文研究》2011,25(23):3602-3612

Despite the long history of the continuum equation approach in hydrology, it is not a necessary approach to the formulation of a physically based representation of hillslope hydrology. The Multiple Interacting Pathways (MIPs) model is a discrete realization that allows hillslope response and transport to be simultaneously explored in a way that reflects the potential occurrence of preferential flows and lengths of pathways. The MIPs model uses random particle tracking methods to represent the flow of water within the subsurface alongside velocity distributions that acknowledge preferential flows and transition probability matrices, which control flow pathways. An initial realization of this model is presented here in application to a tracer experiment carried out in Gårdsjön, Sweden. The model is used as an exploratory tool, testing several hypotheses in relation to this experiment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

协调大集合模拟下全球海表面温度对北极对流层早冬增暖的影响          下载免费PDF全文

Lutao Wang  Yongqi Gao  Dong Guo  Tao Wang  Ying Zhang  Wei Hua 《大气和海洋科学快报》2021,14(1):57-62

本文使用六个不同的最新大气模式进行了协调数值集合实验,评估和量化了全球海表面温度(SST)对1982-2014年冬季早期北极变暖的影响.本研究设计了两组实验:在第一组(EXP1)中,将OISSTv2逐日变化的海冰密集度和SST数据作为下边界强迫场;在第二组(EXP2)中,将逐日变化的SST数据替换为逐日气候态.结果表明:(1)EXP1的多模式集合总体平均值显示0.4℃/10年的近地表(约850 hPa)升温趋势,为再分析数据结果中升温趋势的80％.(2)在这六个模式中,模拟的变暖趋势均很强,幅度为0.36-0.50℃/10年.(3)全球海表温度可以解释北极对流层中低层EXP1的大部分模拟的变暖趋势,占再分析数据结果的58％.(4)再分析数据结果中,北极上空的对流层上层变暖(约200 hPa)不是由强迫信号而可能是由自然气候变率引起的.本文还探索了影响北极初冬变暖的可能源区,并讨论了该研究的局限性.  相似文献   

地形云催化增雨试验研究进展     

常倬林  朱浩然  李得勤  田磊  党张利 《气象与环境学报》2022,38(4):145-152

地形云作为最具有前景和可行的人工影响云系,受到人工影响天气工作者和研究人员的关注。本文分析了国内外地形云催化增雨野外科学试验的历史进程,总结了野外科学试验中取得的成果,梳理了在地形云催化增雨试验中需关注的几个关键科学问题,包括对地形云自然降水过程的分析、地形云系统中过冷水在云内的分布、山地云系的微物理过程演变特征及其与中尺度动力结构的关联,介绍了宁夏开展地形云野外科学试验的实践,提出了加快地形云催化野外科学试验,提高地形云云水资源开发利用的对策及建议。为解决中国西北地区干旱问题,推动黄河流域生态环境保护及高质量发展提供了一种思路。  相似文献   

北大西洋地区气候准20年周期的观测和模拟分析          下载免费PDF全文

傅心雨  陶丽 《大气科学学报》2021,44(6):938-944

北大西洋地区除了存在约70 a周期的AMO（Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation,北大西洋年代际振荡）之外,历史长期气候记录中英格兰温度（Central England Temperature,CET）与格陵兰冰芯净雪累计率还存在显著的20 a周期波动。本研究利用CCSM4（Community Climate System Model version 4）耦合模式工业革命前控制试验（piControl）结果中的海表面温度（Sea Surface Temperature,SST）,通过10～50 a带通滤波与扩展经验正交函数（Extended Empirical Orthogonal Function,EEOF）分解,得到在北大西洋副极地海区存在准20 a振荡的逆时针旋转模态。此周期与其临近地区的CET、格陵兰冰芯净雪累计率的准20 a振荡周期相吻合,说明这种北大西洋副极地海区准20 a振荡的海洋模态与其临近地区的大气准20 a振荡之间可能存在相应的联系。进一步利用CAM4（the Community Atmosphere Model version4）大气模式,以北大西洋副极地海区准20 a振荡SST旋转模态为强迫场进行敏感性试验,进一步验证了这种联系。  相似文献   

超大城市综合气象观测试验之测风激光雷达数据评估          下载免费PDF全文

张志坚  张静  伍光胜  高瑞泉 《热带气象学报》2022,38(2):253-264

为评估用于超大城市综合气象观测试验的测风激光雷达,从最大有效探测高度和数据获取率两方面对测风激光雷达的探测能力进行分析,同时使用测风激光雷达与深圳气象梯度观测塔的测风资料从不同观测高度、不同观测值等方面进行对比分析,结果表明:测风激光雷达与深圳气象梯度观测塔的风速、风向一致性较好,相关系数分别为0.96、0.99,平均绝对误差分别为0.54 m/s、9.95 °,且不同高度层的测风结果也较为一致,但雨天和雾天条件对测风激光雷达的最大有效探测高度和数据获取率影响较大,设备探测能力受到一定的限制。   相似文献   

不同环境下镉对小球藻吸收磷速率的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李定坚  徐明芳  许忠能  严国安  曹焕生 《海洋科学》2006,30(4):25-30

在人工配制的污水中进行静态模拟实验,研究了不同光照强度及不同pH值下,镉对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)在悬浮和固定状态下对污水中正磷酸盐的吸收速率的影响。结果表明,镉存在的情况下,在实验所设的各光照强度内,悬浮态小球藻对磷的吸收速率为4~10μg/(h.个),固定化小球藻为12~16μg/(h.个);而相同的镉浓度下,在不同的pH范围中,悬浮态小球藻对磷的吸收速率为1.9~9.4μg/(h.个),固定化小球藻为5.7~12μg/(h.个)。在不同光照强度下,镉总体上降低了小球藻对磷的吸收速率,其中使悬浮藻普遍下降40%~60%,而固定处理使藻受镉的影响较少,至多下降10%~20%,但在个别光照强度下镉反而促进了小球藻对磷的吸收速率。不同pH值时,无论悬浮态还是固定态,镉在大多pH下使小球藻的磷吸收速率下降20%~30%,固定处理并没有减少镉的影响,同样在个别pH下镉促进了对磷的吸收。  相似文献   

箱式超大型浮体在非均匀海洋环境下的水弹性试验   总被引：2，自引：4，他引：2  

吕海宁杨建民  姚美旺 《海洋工程》2004,22(1):1-8

超大型浮体(Very Large foating Structure，VLFS)作为人类开发海洋的前沿基地，正在成为世界各国海洋工程界研究的一个热点。由于超大型浮体覆盖的面积比普通的船舶和海洋结构物要大很多，其首尾两端所处的海洋环境可能有显著的差异，因此必须考虑非均匀海洋环境对其水弹性性能的影响。介绍了国内首次进行的箱式超大型浮体在非均匀海洋环境中的水弹性试验，对非均匀海洋环境、超大型浮体的水弹性性能以及两者相互之间的关系进行了研究。  相似文献